Dissociative Absorption May Contribute to Internet Gaming Disorder Independent of Childhood Trauma and ADHD Symptoms Among Male University Students.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to investigate the relationship between childhood trauma, dissociative experiences, and internet gaming disorder in male university students with probable attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder determined by both childhood and current attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Volunteers were 376 university students who completed a test battery that included a sociodemographic form as well as the Adult ADHD Severity Rating Scale, Wender Utah Rating Scale, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, Dissociative Experiences Scale, Somatoform Dissociation Questionnaire, and Internet Gaming Disorder Scale-Short Form. Volunteers were divided into 2 groups as with and without probable attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder D based on both childhood and current attentiondeficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms. RESULTS: Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (t=-3.94; P < .01), Dissociative Experiences Scale (t=-5.97; P < .01), Somatoform Dissociation Questionnaire (t=-3.80; P < .01), and Internet Gaming Disorder Scale-Short Form (t=-5.21; P < .01) scores were significantly higher in the group with probable attentiondeficit hyperactivity disorder than in those without. Two different hierarchical regression analysis models in which internet gaming disorder scores were dependent variables showed that dissociative experiences in first model (ß=0.15, t=2.28, P = .023) and dissociative absorption in second model (ß=0.22, t=2.76, P = .006) were associated with internet gaming disorder after controlling for childhood trauma and attentiondeficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms. CONCLUSION: Dissociative absorption may contribute to internet gaming disorder independent of childhood trauma and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms, however further studies are needed to investigate this claim.

Does clozapine really affect bone mineral density? An experimental study.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of clozapine use on bone tissue by applying computerized tomography, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and histological and biomechanical analyses in an experimental rat model. METHODS: Sixteen female Wistar Albino rats were included in this study. These animals were divided into two groups: the control group and the clozapine group. The animals in the clozapine group received 10 mg/kg clozapine, and the animals in the control group received tap water by oral gavage daily for 28 days. After sacrification, the femurs of the rats were used for radiologic, histologic, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and biomechanical evaluations. RESULTS: Although the mean values of the clozapine group were higher in terms of histological, bone mineral density, and biomechanical evaluations, the statistical analyses were not significantly different. CONCLUSION: Clozapine use did not affect bone density in the rats. Clozapine can be the preferred treatment for patients with schizophrenia to avoid osteoporosis. It will be necessary to conduct further long-term follow-up and controlled studies in animals and humans to confirm these findings.

Feeding and Eating Disorders in the Context of Circadian Rhythms.

A circadian rhythm is a 24-hour rhythm controlled by a master clock, the suprachiasmatic nucleus, and driven by synchronizing internal/external zeitgebers. Food intake is one of the most important external cues/zeitgebers. Studies in humans and animals have shown that misalignment of food intake leads to chronodisruption, which is associated with metabolic disruption, obesity, and disordered eating attitudes. The term chronotype, which expresses the circadian typology, has been classified into 3 main types that represent the differences in the reflection of circadian rhythms shown in human studies on daily behaviors. It has been reported that evening-type individuals are more prone to disrupted eating attitudes, such as skipping meals, eating at night, and consuming a calorie-rich diet. In addition, eating disorders up to the diagnostic level is associated with the evening type. The bidirectional relationship between impaired circadian rhythms and disordered eating attitudes has brought chronotherapeutic interventions, which are biological rhythm-oriented treatment approaches, to the agenda. Bright light therapy has been found to reduce bulimic eating behaviors and night eating symptoms. More evidence is needed regarding the effect of chronotherapeutic approaches on metabolic disorders, disordered eating attitudes, and eating disorders associated with obesity.

Evaluation of the relationship between perceived social support, coping strategies, anxiety, and depression symptoms among hospitalized COVID-19 patients.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate the relationship between perceived social support, coping strategies, anxiety, and depression symptoms among hospitalized COVID-19 patients by comparing them with a matched control group in terms of age, gender, and education level. METHOD: The patient group (n = 84) and the healthy controls (HCs, n = 92) filled in the questionnaire including the socio-demographic form, Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale, Multidimensional Perceived Social Support Scale, and Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced through the online survey link. RESULTS: The COVID-19 patients had higher perceived social support and coping strategies scores than the HCs. However, anxiety and depression scores did not differ significantly between the two groups. In logistic regression analysis performed in COVID-19 patients, the presence of chest CT finding (OR = 4.31; 95% CI = 1.04-17.95) was a risk factor for anxiety and the use of adaptive coping strategies (OR = 0.86; 95% CI = 0.73-0.99) had a negative association with anxiety. In addition, the use of adaptive coping strategies (OR = 0.89; 95% CI = 0.79-0.98) and high perceived social support (OR = 0.97; 95% CI = 0.93- 0,99) had a negative association with depression symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Longitudinal studies involving the return to normality phase of the COVID-19 pandemic are needed to investigate the effects of factors such as coping strategies and perceived social support that could increase the psychological adjustment and resilience of individuals on anxiety and depression.

The relationship between night eating symptoms and disordered eating attitudes via insomnia and chronotype differences.

Humans' sleep timing and the psychological construct "diurnal preference" determines their "chronotype" (i.e., morning or evening type). Diurnal preferences can affect sleep-awake rhythms and eating behaviors. Our aim in this study was to examine the relationship between night eating symptoms and disordered eating attitudes by evaluating insomnia and chronotype differences in university students. The participants, 383 university students, filled out a package of psychological tools, including the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire, the Insomnia Severity Index, the Night Eating Questionnaire, and the Eating Attitude Test. One way analysis of variance was used to investigate the relationship of chronotypes with scale scores, and mediation regression analysis was used to investigate the indirect effects of night eating symptoms on disordered eating attitudes. Insomnia and night eating scores of the participants varied statistically according to chronotypes, and both insomnia and night eating scores were associated with the evening type. Findings show that night eating symptoms have a direct effect on the chronotype differences and insomnia and an indirect effect on disordered eating attitudes, by increasing insomnia scores. In conclusion, night eating syndrome may represent the misalignment of food intake and may shift the circadian rhythm to delayed sleep phase, acting as a peripheral oscillator in human.